Impacto de una intervención educacional sobre la calidad de la dieta mediterránea, la actividad física y el estado ponderal en adolescentes: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Impact of an educational intervention on the quality of the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and weight status in adolescents: Randomised clinical trial

OBJETIVOS: Analizar el impacto de una intervención educacional sobre la calidad de la dieta mediterránea (DM), la actividad física y el estado ponderal en adolescentes. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado con intervención educacional multimodal (grupo control [n=36] y grupo experimental [n=46]). Recogida de datos, al inicio y al final del estudio, en población adolescente de la ciudad de Cáceres. En ambos grupos se determinaron medidas antropométricas y datos sociodemográficos. Se evaluó la calidad de la DM mediante el test KIDMED, el grado de actividad física a través del cuestionario PAQ-A y el estado ponderal con las tablas de crecimiento de la Fundación Faustino Orbegozo Eizaguirre. RESULTADOS: Obtuvimos un aumento significativo en el grupo experimental en el cuestionario PAQ-A que valora la actividad física (p = 0,029). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre grupos en el estado ponderal (p = 0,916). Al comparar la calidad de la DM (calidad alta vs moderada o baja) con la actividad física (pcontrol=0,730; pexperimental=0,495) y con el estado ponderal (pcontrol=0,838; pexperimental=0,372), no se observaron diferencias significativas. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención educacional no mejoró la calidad de la DM ni la actividad física, aunque la mayoría de nuestra muestra presentaba normopeso y actividad física aceptable. Debemos continuar mejorando el patrón alimentario saludable de nuestros adolescentes para garantizar un estado de salud adecuado en el futuro

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact of an educational intervention on the quality of the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and weight status in adolescents. METHOD: Randomised clinical trial (RCT), controlled with a multimodal educational intervention (control group [n=36] and experimental group [n=46]). Data collection at the beginning and end of the study, in teenagers from Cáceres, Spain. In both groups anthropometric measurements and sociodemographic data were determined. The quality of the Mediterranean diet was assessed through the KIDMED test, the degree of physical activity through the PAQ-A questionnaire and weight status with the growth charts of the Faustino Orbegozo Eizaguirre Foundation. RESULTS: We obtained a significant increase in the experimental group in the PAQ-A questionnaire that assesses physical activity (P=.029). No significant differences were observed between groups in the weight status (P=.916). When comparing the quality of the Mediterranean diet (high vs moderate or low quality) with physical activity (Pcontrol=.730; experimental P=.495) and with weight status (Pcontrol=.838; experimental P=.372), No significant differences are observed. CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention did not improve the quality of the Mediterranean diet or physical activity, although most of our sample had normal weight and acceptable physical activity. We must continue to improve the healthy eating pattern of our adolescents, to ensure an adequate state of health in the future

Análisis del grupo terapéutico de fútbol, como herramienta de empoderamiento, dentro de la trayectoria deportiva en una unidad de hospitalización / No disponible

Dentro las diversas unidades de hospitalización del Centro Asistencial Salud Mental (CASM) Benito Menni, desde el aérea de rehabilitación hospitalaria, se trabaja y se promueve la actividad de fútbol como parte implícita dentro de su programa de rehabilitación. Desde el modelo de recuperación y promovida por la visión del Terapeuta Ocupacional, esta actividad implica a la persona como parte activa y en primera persona en su proceso de rehabilitación. La actividad transversal comunitaria de fútbol abarca a un amplio perfil poblacional donde, indistintamente de su condición y situación, se orienta a que la persona aumente su capacidad de vivir una vida satisfactoria según sus intereses, metas, objetivos y posibilidades, que le permita y que le ayude a trazar su proyecto de vida. La actividad terapéutica de fútbol, en un periodo de ingreso de hospitalización permite descubrir o redescubrir un sentido positivo de sí mismo, aceptar y hacer frente a la realidad de cualquier dificultad o incapacidad permanente y encontrar significado a las propias experiencias

Within the various hospitalization units in Benito Menni CASM, the hospital rehabilitation area promotes soccer activity as an implicit part of its rehabilitation program. From the recovery model and promoted by the point of view of the Occupational Therapist, this activity involves patients to be an active part, and in the first person, of their rehabilitation process. The cross-sectional community soccer activity involves a broad population profile, where regardless of their condition and situation, the goal is to increase patients' ability to live a successful life according to their interests, goals, objectives and possibilities, which will allow them to trace their life project. The therapeutic soccer activity, during a hospitalization period, allows patients to discover or rediscover a positive sense of themselves, accept and face difficulties or permanent disabilities and find the meaning of their own experiences

Salud oral: influencia de los estilos de vida en adolescentes / Adolescent lifestyle and its influence on oral health

INTRODUCCIÓN: la alta prevalencia de patología bucodental en adolescentes, junto con la relación directa o indirecta entre patología y hábitos, hacen necesaria la prevención y promoción oral a nivel escolar, sanitario y familiar. Nuestro objetivo principal fue mediante un cuestionario sobre hábitos de estilo de vida en adolescentes, conocer la prevalencia de estos y su relación con la salud bucodental. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio observacional de corte transversal en 39 escolares, preadolescentes y adolescentes de 12 a 17 años. Se realizó un cuestionario de 42 preguntas que fue entregado a los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron mediante tablas de contingencia y con un valor de significación p <0,05. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de escolares con correcta frecuencia de cepillado es del 54% y solo el 48,7% visita al odontólogo una vez al año. Existe relación significativa entre la nacionalidad y las visitas al dentista (p = 0,02) o entre la frecuencia de cepillado con el desayuno (p = 0,005), consumo de bollería industrial o bocadillos (p = 0,02), o refrescos (p = 0,011), utilización de ordenador, televisión y videoconsola (p = 0,049); y el sedentarismo (p = 0,00). CONCLUSIÓN: se obtuvieron resultados estadísticamente significativos al relacionar hábitos de estilo de vida y salud oral. En la adolescencia es fundamental la creación de estrategias de prevención y promoción en salud dental, para instaurar rutinas correctas que no afecten a la salud general del adolescente

INTRODUCTION: the high prevalence of oral disease in adolescents, together with the direct or indirect association between disease and lifestyle habits, call for the implementation of oral health prevention and promotion strategies at the school, household and public health levels. Our main objective was to design a questionnaire on lifestyle habits in adolescents to determine their prevalence and assess their association with oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we conducted a cross-sectional observational study in 39 preadolescent and adolescent students aged 12 to 17 years. We developed a 42-item questionnaire and administered it to participating students. We analysed the obtained responses using contingency tables, defining statistical significance as a p-value of <0.05. RESULTS: we found that the frequency of brushing was correct in 54% of participating students, while only 48.7% visit the dentist every year. We found a significant association between nationality and visits to the dentist (p = 0.02) and between the frequency of brushing with: eating breakfast (p = 0.005), consumption of industrial baked goods or snacks (p = 0.02) and consumption of sugary drinks (p = 0.011), the use of computer, television and gaming consoles (p = 0.049), and a sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: we found statistically significant associations between lifestyle habits and oral health. The development and implementation of oral health prevention and promotion strategies targeting the adolescent population is essential in order to establish adequate habits that will not have a detrimental effect on the general health of the adolescent

Una cosa es predicar, y otra dar trigo (cosas de la nutrición) / Actions speak louder than words (nutrition issues)

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Manejo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes en atención primaria / Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents and young adults in primary care

La prevalencia de la diabetes tipo 2 diagnosticada en la infancia/juventud está aumentando y se caracteriza por una disminución acelerada de la función de las células beta pancreáticas y resistencia a la insulina. Los principales factores de riesgo para su desarrollo son obesidad e inactividad física. Los criterios diagnósticos son similares a los utilizados en adultos, aunque la HbA1c como método diagnóstico está cuestionada. Las complicaciones son más agresivas que en la diabetes tipo 2 del adulto, siendo la nefropatía la más frecuente. Las complicaciones macrovasculares aparecen precozmente y su mortalidad es elevada. La alimentación saludable y el ejercicio físico continuado son los pilares básicos del tratamiento, y la metformina, insulina y liraglutide (aprobado por la FDA en Estados Unidos) las opciones farmacológicas con indicación en esta población. Es importante establecer modelos de transición de la atención pediátrica a la atención adulta para garantizar la continuidad asistencial y evitar pérdidas en el seguimiento de estos pacientes

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2) diagnosed in childhood and adolescence is currently increasing, and is characterised by a rapidly progressive decline in beta-cells and insulin resistance. Physical inactivity and obesity are the main risk factors for its development. Diagnostic criteria are similar to those used in adults, although HbA1c as a diagnostic method is questioned. Diabetes-related complications are more aggressive than in adults. Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent complication in the young population and macrovascular complications appear early, leading to high mortality rates. Healthy lifestyles are the basis of the treatment, and metformin, insulin and liraglutide (approved by FDA for its use in the United States) are the pharmacological options indicated in this population. It is important to establish models of health care transition from paediatric to adult care to ensure continuity of care and avoid patient disengagements

Towards an indigenous definition of health: an explorative study to understand the indigenous Ecuadorian people's health and illness concepts.

BACKGROUNDS: An intercultural society facilitates equitable and respectful interrelations. Knowing and understanding each other's sociocultural and linguitic contexts is a prerequisite for an intercultural society. This study explores the concepts of health and illness among healers of indigenous ethnicities in Southern Ecuador. METHODS: A qualitative observational study with eleven focus groups was conducted in three locations in Southern Ecuador; a total of 110 participants the Shuar, Kichwa and Mestizo ethnic groups were included. A phenomenological and hermeneutic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Fourteen main subtopics around of two predefined themes, i.e., "Health" and "Illness" were identified: 1) four bodies, 2) religiosity, 3) health as a good diet, 4) health as god's blessing or a gift, 5) health as balance/ harmony, 6) health as community and social welfare, 7) health as potentiality or a skill, 8) health as peacefulness, 9) heath as individual will, 10) illness as an imbalance, 11) illness as bad energy, 12) illness as a bad diet, 13) illness as suffering or worry, and 14) illness from God, Nature and People illness. By analysing all the topics' and subtopics' narratives, a health and illness definition was developed. The principal evidence for this new framework is the presence of interculturality as a horizontal axis in health. The indigenous perspective of health and illness focus on a balance between 4 bodies: the physical, spiritual, social and mental bodies. Additionally, "good health" is obtained through of the good diet and balanced/harmony. CONCLUSION: Indigenous healers in Southern Ecuador have views on health and illness that differ from the Western biomedical model of care. These different views must be recognized and valued in order to build an intercultural (health) system that empowers both ancestral and modern medical knowledge and healing.

La actividad física y el estado nutricional y psicosocial del anciano no dependiente / Physical activity and nutritional and psychosocial status in non-dependent elderly

OBJETIVO: Describir el grado de actividad física (AF) de una muestra de ancianos independientes no institucionalizados y la relación entre aquel y el estado nutricional y las condiciones psicosociales de los ancianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico implementado en los centros de salud urbanos de la ciudad de Huesca en mayores de 75 años. Tamaño muestral 60 pacientes. Se analizaron variables demográficas, psicosociales, nutricionales, antropométricas y AF. Para la medición de esta última, se utilizó la escala breve de Minnesota en español (VREM). RESULTADOS: La edad media fue de 81,58 años (±4) con una distribución por género del 51,7% mujeres. El grupo mostró globalmente una situación de salud favorable: Afectación física leve (45%), correcta salud mental referida al estado cognitivo (93%) o de ánimo (88%), estado social favorable (96%), independencia para las actividades de la vida diaria (100%) y buena calidad de vida percibida (puntuación>70 en el 70%). En relación con la AF se obtuvo una media de 4666,2MET-min/14 días y se identificaron como sedentarios el 10% de los participantes. Se obtuvo una relación inversa estadísticamente significativa de la AF con la incapacidad funcional, la sarcopenia y la composición corporal (perímetro de cintura, diámetro abdominal sagital, índice de masa y porcentaje de grasa corporales) (p < 0,05). La AF no mostró relación significativa con el estado nutricional y las condiciones psicosociales. Sí resultó significativa la observada entre el estado nutricional y las variables de la esfera psicosocial (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: Las características de la población estudiada en las esferas orgánica, funcional, psíquica y social no sugieren importantes limitaciones para la AF. Un porcentaje nada despreciable de ancianos no realiza suficiente AF. Existe una relación significativa entre la realización de ejercicio físico y los índices de composición corporal favorables

OBJECTIVE: To describe the level of physical activity (PA) of a sample of independent non-institutionalised elderly and its relationship between nutritional status and psychosocial conditions of the elderly. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Health Centres of the city of Huesca in a sample size of patients over 75 years-old. Demographic, psychosocial, nutritional, anthropometric, and PA variables were analysed. The short scale of Minnesota in Spanish (VREM) was used to measure the latter. RESULTS: The mean age was 81.58 years (±4) with a gender distribution of 51.7% women. The group were in a good health condition overall: Mild physical impairment (45%), correct mental health as regards cognition (93%) or mood (88%), favourable social status (96%), independence for activities of daily living (100%), and a good perceived quality of life (score>70 in 70%). There was a mean of 4666.2 METS-Min/14 days obtained in PA, and 10% of the participants were identified as sedentary. A statistically significant inverse relationship (P<.05) was observed between PA and functional disability, sarcopenia and body composition (waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter, mass index, and body fat percentage). No significant relationship was observed between PA and nutritional status and psychosocial conditions. The relationship between the nutritional status and the variables of the psychosocial sphere was significant (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of the population studied in the organic, functional, psychical, and social spheres do not suggest important limitations for PA. An insignificant percentage of the elderly does not perform enough PA. There is a significant relationship between physical exercise and favourable body composition rates

Association of Nongenetic Factors With Breast Cancer Risk in Genetically Predisposed Groups of Women in the UK Biobank Cohort.

Importance: The association between noninherited factors, including lifestyle factors, and the risk of breast cancer (BC) in women and the association between BC and genetic makeup are only partly characterized. A study using data on current genetic stratification may help in the characterization. Objective: To examine the association between healthier lifestyle habits and BC risk in genetically predisposed groups. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data from UK Biobank, a prospective cohort comprising 2728 patients with BC and 88 489 women without BC, were analyzed. The data set used for the analysis was closed on March 31, 2019. The analysis was restricted to postmenopausal white women. Classification of healthy lifestyle was based on Cancer Research UK guidance (healthy weight, regular exercise, no use of hormone replacement therapy for more than 5 years, no oral contraceptive use, and alcohol intake <3 times/wk). Three groups were established: favorable (≥4 healthy factors), intermediate (2-3 healthy factors), and unfavorable (≤1 healthy factor). The genetic contribution was estimated using the polygenic risk scores of 305 preselected single-nucleotide variations. Polygenic risk scores were categorized into 3 tertiles (low, intermediate, and high). Main Outcomes and Measures: Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) of the lifestyles and polygenic risk scores associated with a malignant neoplasm of the breast. Results: Mean (SD) age of the 2728 women with BC was 60.1 (5.5) years, and mean age of the 88 489 women serving as controls was 59.4 (4.9) years. The median follow-up time for the cohort was 10 years (maximum 13 years) (interquartile range, 9.44-10.82 years). Women with BC had a higher body mass index (relative risk [RR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.23), performed less exercise (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.25), used hormonal replacement therapy for longer than 5 years (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.13-1.34), used more oral contraceptives (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93-1.12), and had greater alcohol intake (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19) compared with the controls. Overall, 20 657 women (23.3%) followed a favorable lifestyle, 60 195 women (68.0%) followed an intermediate lifestyle, and 7637 women (8.6%) followed an unfavorable lifestyle. The RR of the highest genetic risk group was 2.55 (95% CI, 2.28-2.84), and the RR of the most unfavorable lifestyle category was 1.44 (95% CI, 1.25-1.65). The association of lifestyle and BC within genetic subgroups showed lower HRs among women following a favorable lifestyle compared with intermediate and unfavorable lifestyles among all of the genetic groups: women with an unfavorable lifestyle had a higher risk of BC in the low genetic group (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.13-2.34), intermediate genetic group (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.46-2.58), and high genetic group (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.74) compared with the reference group of favorable lifestyle. Intermediate lifestyle was also associated with a higher risk of BC among the low genetic group (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09-1.80) and the intermediate genetic group (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.12-1.68). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of data on women in the UK Biobank, a healthier lifestyle with more exercise, healthy weight, low alcohol intake, no oral contraceptive use, and no or limited hormonal replacement therapy use appeared to be associated with a reduced level of risk for BC, even if the women were at higher genetic risk for BC.

Economía del comportamiento para mejorar estilos de vida y reducir factores de riesgo / Behavioral economics to improve lifestyle choices and to reduce risk factors

Una parte importante de la morbimortalidad se debe a hábitos de vida y factores de riesgo modificables. Una estrategia prometedora para promover el cambio de tales factores pasa por la aplicación de intervenciones de salud pública basadas en la economía del comportamiento, rama del conocimiento que combina principios psicológicos y económicos. Este artículo se centra en un tipo de intervención conocida como nudge (traducida habitualmente como «empujón» o «acicate»), que modifica la conducta sin restringir la capacidad de elección de las personas. Se analizan las diferentes propiedades que caracterizan a los nudges y diversos ámbitos en los que se han aplicado con éxito: vacunación, alimentación, actividad física, cesación tabáquica y prescripción de medicamentos. En conclusión, la economía del comportamiento y los nudges tienen un gran potencial para su aplicación en la esfera de la salud pública en España

A large part of morbimortality is caused by lifestyle habits and modifiable risk factors. A promising strategy to promote the change of such factors is the implementation of public health interventions based on behavioral economics, a discipline that combines psychological and economic principles. In the present article, we focus on a type of intervention known as "nudge" (that has been translated into Spanish as empujón or acicate), that changes behaviour without limiting the individual's choice. We analyze the properties that characterize nudges, and several areas in which they have been successfully implemented: vaccination, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation and drug prescription. We conclude that behavioural economics and nudges have great potential for their implementation in the public health sphere in Spain

Nível de e-literacia em saúde em alunos do ensino secundário privado / Level of e-literacy in health in private secondary school students

Introduction: e-literacy in health is related to the use of Internet or other electronic means related to the dissemination or visualization of information about health and / or health services. Objectives: To describe the level of e-literacy in health, in a group of students of a private high school, in the North of Portugal; to relate the level of e-literacy in health with sociodemographic data; to relate the level of e-literacy in health with the contextual variables of the students. Method: Descriptive, correlational and transversal quantitative study. 102 students from the science and technology course of a private high school in the north of Portugal participated. A questionnaire was applied consisting of 3 groups: group I sociodemographic variables; group II consisted of contextual variables and group III constituted by the "eHEALS - eHealth Literacy Scale" scale. Results: Students presented positive levels of e-Literacy in health. They know how to use the Internet to find health information and recognize its usefulness and importance, but did not have confidence in the information obtained when making deci-sions on health. Conclusion: Students present positive levels of e-literacy in health but need guidance to the sources of consultation in order to rely on the information accessed for health project management

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Influencia de una intervención comunitaria en obesidad y estilos de vida de escolares en el ámbito rural / Influence of a community intervention of obesity and the lifestyle of schools in the rural area

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población escolar se está incrementando en los últimos años, y es de vital importancia su control dada la relación que existe entre la obesidad y la morbimortalidad de causa cardiovascular y otras causas. Con este estudio se pretendía conocer la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad entre los escolares de un centro rural de Castilla la Mancha y conocer sus hábitos alimentarios e intentar influir favorablemente en estos mediante actividades comunitarias en colegio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo realizado en un centro escolar del ámbito rural en Castilla la Mancha. En un primer momento se explotaron los datos de los percentiles de IMC de las historias clínicas de los escolares que se clasificaron en las categorías de sobrepeso y obesidad con las tablas de referencia de la OMS. Posteriormente se realizó una encuesta a los padres de los escolares vía online sobre el tipo de alimentación que realizaban sus hijos, nivel de actividad física y tiempo de realización de actividades de ocio sedentario. Por ultimo se realizaron 3 encuestas visuales sobre los alimentos que llevaban para almorzar al colegio, la primera antes de la intervención con los niños, la segunda después de la intervención de estos y la tercera después de la intervención con los padres. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 20. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los escolares se encontraban en normopeso (84,9%), la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue del 3,8% y la de obesidad del 11,3%. Los niños consumían diariamente en un 93% pan blanco, el 24% cereales azucarados, 40%% verduras, 58% frutas, 31% de carnes blancas, 26% huevos, 41% leche entera, 48% queso y 44% yogur. En contra se aprecia un alto consumo diario de carne roja un 27% , 24 % comida rápida, y el 17 % de zumos industriales. Consumen refrescos azucarados al menos semanalmente el 44%. En lo referente al ejercicio físico la mayoría va a l colegio andando o en automóvil en igual porcentaje, el 87% hace deporte extraescolar, del ellos el 78% de 2-6 veces a la semana. El tiempo que consumen viendo televisión o con videojuegos varia de menos de 1 hora a 2 horas entre semana y los fines de semana el 52% dedican 2 horas a estas actividades. Los alimentos que con mayor frecuencia llevaban a centro para almorzar fueron embutido, queso, pan y yogur, y no vario con las intervenciones realizadas en niños y padres. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en los escolares de medio rural fue menor que en otros estudios realizados en España. La alimentación se ajustaba bastante a la pirámide recomendada por la SENC pero aún queda un largo camino por mejorar los objetivos fijados. No se apreciaron modificaciones en los alimentos del almuerzo escolar tras las intervenciones realizadas en centro escolar los sanitarios tanto con escolares como con los padres

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the school population is increasing in recent years, and its control is vital given the relationship between obesity and the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular causes and other causes. This study aimed to know the prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in a rural center of Castilla la Mancha and learn their eating habits and try to influence them favorably through community activities in school. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in a rural school in Castilla la Mancha. Initially, the BMI percentile data of the medical records of schoolchildren that were classified in the overweight and obesity categories were exploited with the WHO reference tables. Subsequently, a survey was carried out on the parents of schoolchildren via online about the type of feeding their children made, level of physical activity and time of sedentary leisure activities. Finally, 3 visual surveys were carried out on the food they took for lunch at school, the first before the intervention with the children, the second after their intervention and the third after the intervention with the parents. Statistical calculations were performed with the statistical package SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The majority of schoolchildren were in normal weight (84.9%), the prevalence of overweight was 3.8% and that of obesity was 11.3%. Children consumed 93% white bread, 24% sugary cereals, 40 %% vegetables, 58% fruits, 31% white meats, 26% eggs, 41% whole milk, 48% cheese and 44% yogurt daily. Against it, there is a high daily consumption of red meat, 27%, 24% fast food, and 17% of industrial juices. They consume sugary sodas at least 44% weekly. With regard to physical exercise, the majority go to school on foot or by car in the same percentage, 87% do extracurricular sports, 78% of them 2-6 times a week. The time they spend watching television or video games varies from less than 1 hour to 2 hours during the week and on weekends 52% spend 2 hours on these activities. The foods that were most often taken to the center for lunch were sausage, cheese, bread and yogurt, and did not vary with interventions performed on children and parents. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural schoolchildren was lower than in other studies carried out in Spain. The food was quite adjusted to the pyramid recommended by the SENC but there is still a long way to improve the objectives set. There were no changes in the school lunch foods after the interventions carried out in the school by health workers with both schoolchildren and parents

Consumo alimentario y cumplimiento de recomendaciones dietéticas en estudiantes que ingresan a la universidad / Food consumption and adherence to dietary recommendations for students entering university

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los jóvenes se consideran una población sana, sin embargo, los malos hábitos alimentarios podrían contribuir al aumento de enfermedades cardiometabólicas, discapacidad y muerte prematura. OBJETIVO: Identificar el consumo alimentario y cumplimiento de las recomendaciones dietéticas en estudiantes que ingresaron a una universidad estatal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de tipo descriptivo con diseño transversal en el que participaron estudiantes entre 17 y 24 años, que ingresaron a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de una universidad estatal, quienes respondieron una encuesta de Tendencia de Consumo Cuantificado semanal auto administrada que consultó sobre el consumo de 89 alimentos y preparaciones. Para la evaluación antropométrica se midió el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de cintura. Los datos fueron procesados con el programa SPSS V. 24. RESULTADOS: Participaron 139 jóvenes de 18.7 ± 1.1 años, 29.5% con exceso de peso. El consumo fue bajo en frutas y verduras, lácteos, legumbres, pescados y frutos secos, y alto en cereales blancos, carnes procesadas, comida chatarra, jugos, bebidas y alimentos azucarados. Sobre el 40% reportó un consumo excesivo de energía y macronutrientes, ácidos grasos saturados, vitaminas A, B1, B2, B3, B6, fósforo, hierro, sodio y yodo, mientras que el 30% presentó una ingesta deficiente en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3, omega-6, vitaminas B9 y C, calcio, potasio y fibra dietética. DISCUSIÓN: Investigaciones reportan que la alimentación de los estudiantes universitarios es poco variada y desequilibrada, excedida en proteínas y deficiente de calcio, hierro, vitamina A, ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3, y fibra dietética. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de la buena o excesiva ingesta en energía y macronutrientes, existe deficiencia en el consumo de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, ciertas vitaminas, minerales y fibra dietética, y exceso en el consumo de nutrientes críticos, evidenciando la mala calidad de la dieta

INTRODUCTION: Young people are considered to be a healthy population; however, poor eating habits may contribute to increased cardiometabolic diseases, disability and premature death. Objetive. Identify food consumption and compliance with dietary recommendations in students who entered a state university. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 17-24-year-old students, who entered the Faculty of Health Sciences of a state university, who answered a self-administered weekly quantified consumption trend survey consulted on the consumption of 89 foods and preparations. For the anthropometric evaluation, weight, height and waist circumference were measured. The data were processed with the SPSS V. 24. RESULTS: 139 youths participated in 18.7 ± 1.1 years, 29.5% were overweight. Consumption was low in fruits and vegetables, dairy products, legumes, fish and nuts, and high in white cereals, processed meats, junk food, juices, beverages and sugary foods. Over 40% reported excessive intake of energy and macronutrients, saturated fatty acids, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, phosphorus, iron, sodium and iodine, while 30% had a deficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega -3, Omega-6, vitamins B9 and C, calcium, potassium and dietary fiber. DISCUSSION: Research reports that college students are unhealthy and unbalanced, over-protein and deficient in calcium, iron, vitamin A, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fiber. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of good or excessive intake of energy and macronutrients, there is a deficiency in the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, certain vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, and excessive consumption of critical nutrients, evidencing the poor quality of the diet

Comentario del CEIPV a la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular en la práctica clínica / Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines

Presentamos la adaptación para España de la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular. En esta actualización se hace mayor énfasis en el abordaje poblacional, especialmente en la promoción de la actividad física y de una dieta saludable mediante políticas alimentarias y de ocio y transporte activo en España. Para estimar el riesgo vascular, se destaca la importancia de recalibrar las tablas que se utilicen, adaptándolas a los cambios poblaciones en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo y en la incidencia de enfermedades vasculares, con particular atención al papel de la enfermedad renal crónica. A nivel individual resulta clave el apoyo personalizado para el cambio de conducta, la adherencia a la medicación en los individuos de alto riesgo y pacientes con enfermedad vascular, la promoción de la actividad física y el abandono del hábito tabáquico. Además, se revisan los ensayos clínicos recientes con inhibidores de PCKS9, la necesidad de simplificar el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial para mejorar su control y la adherencia al tratamiento. En los pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2 y enfermedad vascular o riesgo vascular alto, cuando los cambios de estilo de vida y la metformina resultan insuficientes, deben priorizarse los fármacos con demostrado beneficio vascular. Por último, se incluyen pautas sobre enfermedad arterial periférica y otras enfermedades específicas, y se recomienda no prescribir antiagregantes en prevención primaria

We present the adaptation for Spain of the updated European Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines. In this update, greater stress is laid on the population approach, and especially on the promotion of physical activity and healthy diet through dietary, leisure and active transport policies in Spain. To estimate vascular risk, note should be made of the importance of recalibrating the tables used, by adapting them to population shifts in the prevalence of risk factors and incidence of vascular diseases, with particular attention to the role of chronic kidney disease. At an individual level, the key element is personalised support for changes in behaviour, adherence to medication in high-risk individuals and patients with vascular disease, the fostering of physical activity, and cessation of smoking habit. Furthermore, recent clinical trials with PCSK9 inhibitors are reviewed, along with the need to simplify pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension to improve control and adherence to treatment. In the case of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular disease or high vascular disease risk, when lifestyle changes and metformin are inadequate, the use of drugs with proven vascular benefit should be prioritised. Lastly, guidelines on peripheral arterial disease and other specific diseases are included, as is a recommendation against prescribing antiaggregants in primary prevention

Programa Activa-Murcia: análisis secundario, con perspectiva de género, sobre la calidad de vida en mujeres participantes / Active-Murcia program: secondary analysis, with a gender perspective, on the quality of life of participating women

OBJETIVO: El sedentarismo es un problema de Salud Pública, influenciado por brechas de género y edad. Las mujeres mayores son más sedentarias, lo que repercute en su calidad de vida. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del Programa Activa-Murcia sobre la calidad de Vida de las participantes en dicho programa. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis secundario con perspectiva de género de un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de una cohorte de mujeres que habían participado en el Programa Activa-Murcia, evaluándose las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 y las puntuaciones según tres franjas etarias y el ámbito en el que vivían. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas mediante ANOVA, y para el análisis por pares se utilizó el Test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: La muestra la componían 1.140 mujeres. La dimensión "Salud General" mejoró alrededor de 3 puntos, excepto en las mayores de 60 años. Aumentaron las puntuaciones de forma inversamente proporcional a la edad en siguientes dimensiones: "Vitalidad", en 9,9, 6,2 y 3,9 puntos; "Salud Mental", en 7,7, 5,6 y 3,7 puntos; y "Evolución Declarada de Salud", en 11,2, 8,6 y 7,6 puntos. Las mujeres entre 30-44 años rurales y las mayores de 60 años urbanas no mejoraron en "Función Social". Sobre el "Rol Emocional", las mujeres entre 30-44 años y las mujeres entre 45-59 años de zona urbana mejoraban (p < 0,05). Existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener mayor edad y mejorar menos en "Vitalidad", "Rol Emocional" y "Salud Mental". CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres mayores mejoran menos en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, lo que podría indicar, entre otros motivos, un déficit de empoderamiento

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays sedentarism has become a public health issue, as a matter of gender and age. Older women are more sedentary, which affects their Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Activa-Murcia Program impact over the Quality of life in women participating in it. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective descriptive study within a gender perspective was carried out, including women who had participated in the Activa-Murcia Program. A SF-36 Survey of Quality of Life has been evaluated, scoring age range in three different stages and the enviroment in which they live. An analysis of repeated measurements was carried aout using ANOVA, and the Bonferroni Test was used for the pairwise analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 1,140 women. "Overall health" dimension improved up to 3 points, except in women over 60. Score highed inversely proportional to their age in the following dimensions: "Vitality" in 9.9, 6.2 and 3.9; "Mental health" in 7.7, 5.6 and 3.7; "Declared health evolution" in 11.2, 8.6. and 7.6. Women between 30-44 years old living in rural areas and those over 60 living in urban areas did not improve in "Social functions". Dealing with "Emotional Role", women between 30-44 and women between 45-59 in urban areas improved (p < 0.05). There was a statistical asociation between being highly aged and improving less in "Vitality", "Emotional Role" and "Mental health". CONCLUSIONS: As women were getting older improve less in the dimensions of quality of life; so that could show, among others, an empowerment deficit

Impacto del estilo de vida de los estudiantes universitarios en la promoción de políticas públicas en salud. El caso de los nudges / Impact of university students lifestyle in the promotion of public health policies. The case of nudges

OBJETIVO: En la última década, los responsables de políticas públicas están aplicando nuevas herramientas para el fomento de hábitos saludables, partiendo de las ciencias de la economía conductual y la psicología social. Estas herramientas se conocen como nudges, y antes de ser aplicadas ha de analizarse el grado de aceptación que la población presenta sobre ellas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existía relación entre el estilo de vida de la población universitaria y el grado de aceptación de herramientas para el fomento de políticas públicas en salud. MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un estudio correlacional transversal de una muestra representativa de 590 estudiantes universitarios (IC 95%, alfa=5%) de universidades españolas, mediante un cuestionario en línea. Se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados aplicando chi-cuadrado y la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes. RESULTADOS: Los jóvenes universitarios tienen una alimentación inadecuada, con un deficiente consumo de fruta y verdura (solo el 27,8% las consumen varias veces al día, siendo la cantidad diaria recomendada de 5 piezas) y un consumo elevado de comida basura, alcohol (el 68,81% y el 63,39%, respectivamente, los consumían entre 1 y 2 veces por semana) y carne (consumida de 3 a 4 veces por semana por el 46,61%). Al correlacionar las variables sociodemográficas con la alimentación se encontraron resultados significativos, siendo los hombres y los estudiantes más jóvenes que apoyaban más a la derecha política, y los practicantes de alguna religión quienes tenían peores hábitos. Se obtuvo una correlación positiva entre la aprobación de nudges y los hábitos responsables con el menor consumo de carne (p < 0,001), siendo significativo en los nudges que abordaban medidas sobre alimentación. CONCLUSIONES: La aceptación de políticas públicas en salud está relacionada con la alimentación saludable y con las conductas socialmente más comprometidas. Además, estos factores son más frecuentes entre las mujeres, en el grupo de mayor edad, entre quienes muestran más apoyo a la izquierda política y entre quienes tienen menos creencias religiosas

OBJECTIVE: In the last decade, public policy makers are applying new tools to promote healthy habits, starting from the behavioral economics sciences and social psychology. These tools are known as nudges, and before being applied, the degree of acceptance that the population presents about them must be analyzed. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the lifestyle of the university population and the degree of acceptance of tools for the promotion of public health policies. METHODS: Cross-sectional correlational study of a representative sample of 590 university students (95% CI, Alpha=5%) from Spanish universities using an online questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed applying Chi-squared test and Student t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: Young university students have an inadequate diet, with a deficient consumption of fruit and vegetables (only 27.8% consume them several times a day, the recommended daily amount being 5 pieces) and a high consumption of junk food, alcohol (68.81% and 63.39%, respectively, consumed between 1 and 2 times a week) and meat (consumed 3 to 4 times a week by 46.61%). By correlating the socio-demographic variables with food, significant results were found. The group of men, the youngest students, who are more supportive of the political right, and the religious practitioners, are the ones with the worst habits. In addition, those with older, more affiliated with the political left, less religious practice and better eating habits, they performed more responsible habits. There was a positive correlation between approval of nudges and responsible habits and less meat consumption (p < 0,001), being significant in the nudges on food. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptance of public policies on health is related to healthy eating and to the most socially committed behaviors. In addition, these factors are more frequent among women, the older group, who show more support for the political left and have fewer religious beliefs

Life satisfaction and self-rated health in adolescents: the relationships between them and the role of gender and age

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between self-reported life satisfaction, self-rated health, gender, and age in adolescents. 1,141 secondary school students aged between 12 and 17 participated in our study. The data were analyzed using bivariate and nonlinear canonical correlation analyses. The results of the bivariate correlation analysis support the results of previous studies. Life satisfaction was positively correlated with same-day perceived health (r = .37; p < .01) and negatively correlated with anxiety/depression (r = -.37; p < .01). Same-day perceived health was positively correlated with health in the past 12 months (r = .38; p < .01) and negatively correlated with pain/discomfort (r = -.32; p < .01) and with anxiety/depression (r = -.32; p < .01). The nonlinear canonical correlation analysis provided further evidence of the relationship between the variables, suggesting the complementarity of the indicators of self-rated health analyzed. Multiple fit values showed that demographic variables age (.61) and gender (.56) were the variables with the best discriminatory power. Graphically, two groups of related variables were displayed. A non-linear analysis better explains the relationships between the variables analyzed, showing that age and gender have a high level of discriminatory power for life satisfaction and self-rated health, suggesting a role as a moderator in the relationship between health and well-being variables

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Reliability and validity of a questionnaire for assessing self-perceived health-related fitness in Spanish children

There is a need for developing tools aimed at assessing fitness in children, due to its relationship with health. This study is aimed at testing the reliability and the validity of a questionnaire designed for assessing self-perceived health-related fitness in Spanish children. The questionnaire was created based on the model of physical self-concept developed by Fox and Corbin (1989) who conceived four sub-domains: Sport competence, attractive body, strength and physical condition. A total of 283 children (mean age: 10.80 ± 0.69 years; 45.6% girls) answered the questionnaire twice, in order to determine its test-retest reliability. The results obtained in the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) and on a fitness battery were used to determine its validity evidence based on relations to other variables. Exploratory and factorial analyses were performed to check its validity evidence based on internal structure. The obtained results indicated that the questionnaire showed an accurate validity evidence based on internal structure and a very good test-retest reliability, Intraclass correlation coefficient: .88; 95% CI [.84, .90]. The questionnaire established moderate correlations with the IFIS questionnaire (ρ = -.51 to -.68) and the fitness level showed by the children (ρ = -.53). These findings indicate that the questionnaire can be a useful research tool for assessing self-perceived health-related fitness in children

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Developing a Semantic Model to Describe Physical Activity Data.

The importance of data in the social and behavioral domains to biomedical research is increasing, but ensuring the reusability of such data through standardization is not a trivial task. To start addressing this challenge, we developed a semantic model of the physical activity domain by reviewing 302 physical activity questions collected from standardized questionnaires and public data repositories. Our semantic model is comprised of activity keywords, qualifiers, response measures and context. We identified three types of contexts: active lifestyle, physical capacity, and environment. The majority (94%) of the 204 activity keywords extracted from the 302 questions were mapped to the UMLS Metathesaurus. Preliminary evaluation of our model with 309 additional activity questions showed that the majority of the questions were related to one of the three context categories. We also noted the need to expand context categories to incorporate the questions assessing psychological aspects of dealing with physical activities.

Documento de consenso y conclusiones. La metodología de las encuestas alimentarias, estudios nutricionales, de estimación de la actividad física y otros estilos de vida / No disponible

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